WBCHSE Class 12 Semester 3 Environmental Studies Important MCQs with Answers – Ecology & Biodiversity

WBCHSE Class 12 Semester 3 Environmental Studies Questions and Answers – Ecology & Biodiversity | myqpaper.in
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES • WBCHSE SEMESTER 3
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WBCHSE CLASS 12 • SEMESTER 3

Environmental Studies Questions & Answers

Ecology & Biodiversity MCQ

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This WBCHSE Class 12 Semester 3 Environmental Studies question bank covers the Ecology and Biodiversity portions in English. The questions are arranged chapter-wise with answers to help students revise important topics and practise for the Semester 3 examination.

5.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions

1.According to the modern definition of Ecology, the main emphasis is on:
  1. A)Classification of species
  2. B)Interactions between biotic and abiotic components, including energy flow and nutrient cycling
  3. C)Climate change
  4. D)Only plant structure
Answer: B) Interactions between biotic and abiotic components, including energy flow and nutrient cycling
2.The term “Landscape” refers to:
  1. A)Only vegetation
  2. B)The geographical and environmental characteristics of a particular area
  3. C)Man-made beautification projects
  4. D)Only mountainous areas
Answer: B) The geographical and environmental characteristics of a particular area
3.“Habitat” means:
  1. A)The climate of a particular area
  2. B)The natural environment in which an animal or plant lives
  3. C)The food source of an animal
  4. D)A breeding place
Answer: B) The natural environment in which an animal or plant lives
4.“Ecological Niche” refers to:
  1. A)The size of an animal
  2. B)An organism’s feeding habits and its role in the environment
  3. C)A particular ecosystem only
  4. D)The growth rate of a plant
Answer: B) An organism’s feeding habits and its role in the environment
5.An “Eco-zone” refers to:
  1. A)A city
  2. B)Areas having distinct climate and biodiversity
  3. C)The habitat of an ethnic group
  4. D)Only tropical regions
Answer: B) Areas having distinct climate and biodiversity
6.The “Biosphere” is:
  1. A)The hydrosphere of the Earth
  2. B)The lower layer of the atmosphere
  3. C)The part of Earth where living organisms exist
  4. D)Only the land area
Answer: C) The part of Earth where living organisms exist
7.Ecosystem stability means:
  1. A)Abundance of one type of organism in one place
  2. B)The ability of an ecosystem to resist or withstand change
  3. C)Amount of rainfall
  4. D)Changes caused by humans
Answer: B) The ability of an ecosystem to resist or withstand change
8.An ecosystem is best described as:
  1. A)Only the living world
  2. B)A system of interactions between organisms and their environment
  3. C)Only plants and soil
  4. D)Seasonal changes in weather
Answer: B) A system of interactions between organisms and their environment
9.Ecological organization is correctly represented by:
  1. A)Gene → Cell → Tissue
  2. B)Animal → Plant → Soil
  3. C)Individual → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere
  4. D)Water → Air → Fire
Answer: C) Individual → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere
10.The primary producers in an ecosystem are:
  1. A)Predatory animals
  2. B)Green plants and algae
  3. C)Bacteria
  4. D)Detritivores
Answer: B) Green plants and algae
11.The concept used to describe relationships between organisms and their environment is:
  1. A)Biodiversity
  2. B)Interdependence
  3. C)Environmental pollution
  4. D)Weather change
Answer: B) Interdependence
12.Which is NOT a component of an ecosystem?
  1. A)Light
  2. B)Soil
  3. C)Carbon dioxide
  4. D)Internet
Answer: D) Internet
13.A characteristic of an ecosystem is that:
  1. A)It cannot be artificially created
  2. B)It occurs only on land
  3. C)It consists of biotic and abiotic components
  4. D)It occurs only in forests
Answer: C) It consists of biotic and abiotic components
14.An eco-zone indicates:
  1. A)The climate zone of one country
  2. B)A large geographical area containing a particular type of ecosystem
  3. C)A small forest
  4. D)The weather of a city
Answer: B) A large geographical area containing a particular type of ecosystem
15.The major primary producers in an aquatic ecosystem are:
  1. A)Fish
  2. B)Insects
  3. C)Algae and phytoplankton
  4. D)Bacteria
Answer: C) Algae and phytoplankton
16.An important factor maintaining ecosystem stability is:
  1. A)Only trees
  2. B)Interdependence and energy flow
  3. C)The number of birds and animals
  4. D)Groundwater
Answer: B) Interdependence and energy flow
17.When two species have the same niche, generally:
  1. A)Both species always coexist
  2. B)One species may displace the other
  3. C)They always help each other
  4. D)No change occurs
Answer: B) One species may displace the other
18.A species may retain the same niche even when its habitat changes when:
  1. A)Its behaviour, feeding habit and role remain the same
  2. B)A new species enters
  3. C)Weather changes
  4. D)It migrates
Answer: A) Its behaviour, feeding habit and role remain the same
19.A realized niche is an example of:
  1. A)A squirrel living in a tree
  2. B)A fish swimming in a river
  3. C)An animal’s complete role including feeding, resting and waste elimination
  4. D)Only the presence of a forest
Answer: C) An animal’s complete role including feeding, resting and waste elimination
20.The main difference between habitat and niche is:
  1. A)Niche is location; habitat is role
  2. B)Habitat is the place; niche is the role/function
  3. C)They mean exactly the same
  4. D)Habitat is only for animals
Answer: B) Habitat is the place; niche is the role/function
21.A species’ realized niche means:
  1. A)Complete use of its potential niche
  2. B)The niche actually occupied because of competition and other limitations
  3. C)Only its food-dependent niche
  4. D)Its extinction
Answer: B) The niche actually occupied because of competition and other limitations
22.An example of a natural landscape is:
  1. A)A seashore
  2. B)A city skyline
  3. C)An industrial area
  4. D)A railway station
Answer: A) A seashore
23.An anthropogenic landscape is represented by:
  1. A)A river
  2. B)A forest
  3. C)Agricultural land
  4. D)A mountain
Answer: C) Agricultural land
24.A fundamental niche indicates:
  1. A)An environment limited by competition
  2. B)The maximum potential ecological range of a species
  3. C)Only feeding habits
  4. D)Its present geographical location
Answer: B) The maximum potential ecological range of a species
25.The major result of habitat fragmentation is:
  1. A)Increase in species diversity
  2. B)Genetic isolation and increased risk of extinction
  3. C)Increase in energy flow
  4. D)Faster nutrient cycling
Answer: B) Genetic isolation and increased risk of extinction
26.The process by which a forest is divided into small isolated patches is called:
  1. A)Ecological expansion
  2. B)Habitat fragmentation
  3. C)Natural selection
  4. D)Succession
Answer: B) Habitat fragmentation
27.A species that may be few in number but plays a crucial controlling role in an ecosystem is called a:
  1. A)Dominant species
  2. B)Primary species
  3. C)Keystone species
  4. D)Endangered species
Answer: C) Keystone species
28.Individual → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere represents ecological:
  1. A)Energy cycle
  2. B)Levels of organization
  3. C)Competition
  4. D)Adaptation
Answer: B) Levels of organization
29.The process by which sunlight is converted into chemical energy is:
  1. A)Respiration
  2. B)Decomposition
  3. C)Photosynthesis
  4. D)Digestion
Answer: C) Photosynthesis
30.A species may fail to use its entire fundamental niche mainly because of:
  1. A)Climate change
  2. B)Abundance of food
  3. C)Competition
  4. D)Adaptation
Answer: C) Competition
31.Assertion: Habitat is the specific place where an organism lives. Reason: Habitat provides food resources and shelter.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
32.Assertion: An ecological niche describes a species’ position and role in its environment. Reason: Niche includes aspects such as food, habitat and behaviour.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
33.Assertion: An eco-zone is a large geographical area with its own climate and biodiversity. Reason: An eco-zone is a collection of smaller ecosystems.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
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5.2 Autecology, Synecology and Major Terrestrial Biomes

1.The main objective of Autecology is to:
  1. A)Analyse the environmental relationships of a particular species
  2. B)Analyse community structure
  3. C)Identify environmental pollution
  4. D)Study food webs
Answer: A) Analyse the environmental relationships of a particular species
2.Synecology studies:
  1. A)The life cycle of a single organism
  2. B)Biological communities and their interactions
  3. C)Dead organic matter
  4. D)Only aquatic animals
Answer: B) Biological communities and their interactions
3.The adaptation capacity of a particular species is studied under:
  1. A)Synecology
  2. B)Autecology
  3. C)Biogeography
  4. D)Taxonomy
Answer: B) Autecology
4.Which is an example of Synecology?
  1. A)The feeding habit of one bird
  2. B)Interactions among different species in a forest
  3. C)Respiration of one animal
  4. D)Reproduction of one tree
Answer: B) Interactions among different species in a forest
5.The major factors determining a biome are:
  1. A)Soil colour
  2. B)Temperature and rainfall
  3. C)Air pressure
  4. D)Length of a river
Answer: B) Temperature and rainfall
6.Permafrost in tundra means:
  1. A)Seasonal ice
  2. B)Permanently frozen soil
  3. C)An ice-covered mountain
  4. D)A glacier
Answer: B) Permanently frozen soil
7.A characteristic feature of tropical rainforest is:
  1. A)Low rainfall
  2. B)High biodiversity
  3. C)Dense, multi-layered vegetation
  4. D)Permanently frozen ground
Answer: C) Dense, multi-layered vegetation
8.The Taiga biome mainly occurs in:
  1. A)Equatorial regions
  2. B)Subtropical regions
  3. C)Cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere
  4. D)Desert regions
Answer: C) Cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere
9.An adaptation of desert plants is:
  1. A)Large leaves
  2. B)A waxy leaf covering
  3. C)Numerous branches
  4. D)Soft stems
Answer: B) A waxy leaf covering
10.Savanna biome is mainly characterized by:
  1. A)Coniferous forests
  2. B)Grass with scattered trees
  3. C)Ice-covered land
  4. D)Wetlands
Answer: B) Grass with scattered trees
11.Another name for grassland biome is:
  1. A)Prairie
  2. B)Tundra
  3. C)Taiga
  4. D)Desert
Answer: A) Prairie
12.In Synecology, “community” means:
  1. A)A group of the same species
  2. B)A group of different species
  3. C)Dead organisms
  4. D)A single organism
Answer: B) A group of different species
13.The basic difference between Autecology and Synecology is:
  1. A)One studies individuals/species, the other studies communities
  2. B)One is aquatic and the other terrestrial
  3. C)They are identical
  4. D)One studies soil and the other air
Answer: B) One is aquatic and the other terrestrial
14.A biome with low temperature and low precipitation is:
  1. A)Taiga
  2. B)Rainforest
  3. C)Savanna
  4. D)Mangrove
Answer: A) Taiga
15.The highest terrestrial biodiversity is found in:
  1. A)Deserts
  2. B)Tundra
  3. C)Tropical rainforests
  4. D)Taiga
Answer: C) Tropical rainforests
16.Excess nutrient accumulation in an aquatic biome can cause:
  1. A)Desertification
  2. B)Eutrophication
  3. C)Adaptation
  4. D)Symbiosis
Answer: C) Adaptation
17.Autecology helps determine a species’ tolerance:
  1. A)Limits
  2. B)Colour
  3. C)Height
  4. D)Volume
Answer: B) Colour
18.Synecology analyses relationships among different species, such as:
  1. A)Competition and coexistence
  2. B)Chemical relationships only
  3. C)Mechanical relationships
  4. D)Physical relationships only
Answer: A) Competition and coexistence
19.Short vegetation in tundra is mainly due to:
  1. A)Fertile soil
  2. B)Saline soil
  3. C)Permafrost
  4. D)Dry soil
Answer: C) Permafrost
20.Rapid nutrient cycling in tropical rainforests is associated with:
  1. A)High temperature and humidity
  2. B)High wind pressure
  3. C)High salinity
  4. D)Low rainfall
Answer: A) High temperature and humidity
21.Needle-like leaves in Taiga plants are an important:
  1. A)Physiological adaptation
  2. B)Structural adaptation
  3. C)Reproductive adaptation
  4. D)Conducting adaptation
Answer: B) Structural adaptation
22.Reduction of leaves to spines in desert plants mainly helps to reduce:
  1. A)Photosynthesis
  2. B)Transpiration
  3. C)Respiration
  4. D)Pollination
Answer: B) Transpiration
23.Trees are scarce in grasslands mainly because of:
  1. A)Low sunlight
  2. B)Low rainfall
  3. C)Low temperature
  4. D)Low nutrients
Answer: B) Low rainfall
24.Assertion: Autecology is the study of individual species. Reason: Synecology is the study of communities containing several species.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
25.Assertion: Tropical rainforests have the highest biodiversity. Reason: They have high temperature and abundant rainfall throughout the year.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
26.Assertion: Desert plants generally have small leaves or spines. Reason: This helps conserve water and reduce transpiration.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
27.Assertion: Tundra plants are generally short. Reason: Tundra has permafrost and low temperature.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
28.Arrange the major terrestrial biomes from the equator towards the poles:
  1. A)Tropical rainforest → Savanna → Taiga → Tundra
  2. B)Savanna → Tropical rainforest → Taiga → Tundra
  3. C)Tropical rainforest → Taiga → Savanna → Tundra
  4. D)Savanna → Taiga → Tropical rainforest → Tundra
Answer: A) Tropical rainforest → Savanna → Taiga → Tundra
29.Arrange the stages of grassland formation in the correct order:
  1. A)Low rainfall → limitation of tree growth → abundance of grasses → grassland formation
  2. B)Limitation of tree growth → low rainfall → abundance of grasses → grassland formation
  3. C)Low rainfall → abundance of grasses → limitation of tree growth → grassland formation
  4. D)Abundance of grasses → limitation of tree growth → low rainfall → grassland formation
Answer: A) Low rainfall → limitation of tree growth → abundance of grasses → grassland formation
30.Arrange the ecological levels from smallest to largest:
  1. A)Species → Population → Community → Biosphere
  2. B)Population → Species → Community → Biosphere
  3. C)Species → Community → Population → Biosphere
  4. D)Population → Community → Species → Biosphere
Answer: A) Species → Population → Community → Biosphere
31.Which biome has long winters, short summers and evergreen needle-leaved trees in the Northern Hemisphere?
  1. A)Taiga
  2. B)Desert
  3. C)Tropical rainforest
  4. D)Savanna
Answer: A) Taiga
32.A region with high temperature and heavy rainfall throughout the year, dense multi-layered forest and very high biodiversity belongs to:
  1. A)Taiga
  2. B)Tundra
  3. C)Tropical rainforest
  4. D)Savanna
Answer: C) Tropical rainforest
33.A researcher studying a cactus that survives low rainfall, high temperature and saline soil is studying:
  1. A)Synecology
  2. B)Autecology
  3. C)Biogeography
  4. D)Taxonomy
Answer: B) Autecology
34.The diagram showing vegetation, an active layer and permanently frozen soil (permafrost) represents:
  1. A)Taiga
  2. B)Desert
  3. C)Tundra
  4. D)Savanna
Answer: C) Tundra
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5.3 Types of Ecosystems

1.Which is a natural ecosystem?
  1. A)Estuary
  2. B)Forest
  3. C)Lentic ecosystem
  4. D)Marine ecosystem
Answer: B) Forest
2.Which is NOT a natural ecosystem because it is human-made?
  1. A)Sea
  2. B)Lake
  3. C)Park
  4. D)Forest
Answer: C) Park
3.An ecosystem in which water flows continuously is called:
  1. A)Lentic
  2. B)Lotic
  3. C)Wetland
  4. D)Forest
Answer: B) Lotic
4.Which is NOT part of the marine environment?
  1. A)Ocean
  2. B)Coast
  3. C)Estuary
  4. D)Forest
Answer: D) Forest
5.The main feature of a wetland ecosystem is:
  1. A)Only terrestrial plants
  2. B)Completely dry conditions
  3. C)A transition/combination of water and land
  4. D)Only flowing water
Answer: C) A transition/combination of water and land
6.A desert ecosystem is characterized by:
  1. A)High rainfall
  2. B)High humidity
  3. C)Low rainfall and dryness
  4. D)Abundance of rivers
Answer: C) Low rainfall and dryness
7.An estuary refers to:
  1. A)A mountainous region
  2. B)The meeting place of a river and sea
  3. C)The centre of a desert
  4. D)An area of terrestrial vegetation
Answer: B) The meeting place of a river and sea
8.Which is an aquatic ecosystem?
  1. A)Grassland
  2. B)Forest
  3. C)Lotic ecosystem
  4. D)Desert
Answer: C) Lotic ecosystem
9.A still-water environment is called:
  1. A)Lotic
  2. B)Marine
  3. C)Lentic
  4. D)Terrestrial
Answer: C) Lentic
10.Which is NOT a terrestrial ecosystem?
  1. A)Forest
  2. B)Desert
  3. C)Grassland
  4. D)Wetland
Answer: D) Wetland
11.The dominant plant group in grassland is:
  1. A)Trees
  2. B)Grasses
  3. C)Algae
  4. D)Cactus
Answer: B) Grasses
12.Salinity in a marine environment is generally:
  1. A)Very low
  2. B)Moderate
  3. C)High
  4. D)Absent
Answer: C) High
13.An ecosystem where marine and freshwater mix is:
  1. A)Lentic
  2. B)Estuary
  3. C)Forest
  4. D)Desert
Answer: B) Estuary
14.An ecosystem known for high humidity and high biodiversity is:
  1. A)Desert
  2. B)Forest
  3. C)Lotic
  4. D)Wetland
Answer: B) Forest
15.A wetland generally indicates:
  1. A)A completely dry area
  2. B)An area always submerged
  3. C)A partially water-covered area
  4. D)Dry sandy land
Answer: C) A partially water-covered area
16.A common plant in a desert ecosystem is:
  1. A)Pine
  2. B)Cactus
  3. C)Kadamba
  4. D)Sal
Answer: B) Cactus
17.The marine food chain generally begins with:
  1. A)Fish
  2. B)Phytoplankton
  3. C)Jellyfish
  4. D)Crab
Answer: B) Phytoplankton
18.Which is a freshwater ecosystem?
  1. A)Sea
  2. B)Estuary
  3. C)Lake
  4. D)Ocean
Answer: C) Lake
19.The term “Savanna” refers to a:
  1. A)Desert
  2. B)Lentic ecosystem
  3. C)Grassland
  4. D)Aquatic ecosystem
Answer: C) Grassland
20.A lotic ecosystem is characterized by:
  1. A)Still water
  2. B)Flowing water
  3. C)Freshwater only
  4. D)Saltwater only
Answer: B) Flowing water
21.Which statement correctly distinguishes lentic and lotic ecosystems?
  1. A)Lentic = flowing water; Lotic = still water
  2. B)Lentic = still water; Lotic = flowing water
  3. C)Both are terrestrial
  4. D)Both are marine
Answer: B) Lentic = still water; Lotic = flowing water
22.An estuary is a place where:
  1. A)A river meets the sea
  2. B)A forest meets a desert
  3. C)Two mountains meet
  4. D)A lake dries up
Answer: A) A river meets the sea
23.Aquatic ecosystems include:
  1. A)Lentic and lotic ecosystems
  2. B)Only forests
  3. C)Only deserts
  4. D)Only grasslands
Answer: A) Lentic and lotic ecosystems
24.Assertion: Terrestrial ecosystems include forests, grasslands and deserts. Reason: Terrestrial ecosystems mainly consist of still and flowing water.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: A is true, but R is false.
25.Assertion: Lentic and lotic are major aquatic ecosystem categories. Reason: Lentic means flowing water and lotic means still water.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
26.Assertion: An estuary is a type of aquatic ecosystem. Reason: An estuary is where river water mixes with seawater.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
27.Arrange the ecosystems from lower to higher salinity:
  1. A)Freshwater lentic → freshwater lotic → estuary → marine ecosystem
  2. B)Freshwater lotic → freshwater lentic → estuary → marine ecosystem
  3. C)Estuary → freshwater lotic → freshwater lentic → marine ecosystem
  4. D)Marine → estuary → freshwater lotic → freshwater lentic
Answer: B) Freshwater lotic → freshwater lentic → estuary → marine ecosystem
28.Arrange these ecosystems from lower to higher productivity:
  1. A)Desert → Grassland → Forest → Wetland
  2. B)Grassland → Desert → Forest → Wetland
  3. C)Desert → Forest → Grassland → Wetland
  4. D)Grassland → Forest → Desert → Wetland
Answer: A) Desert → Grassland → Forest → Wetland
29.A river-side area with continuously flowing water, fish and aquatic plants represents a:
  1. A)Lentic ecosystem
  2. B)Lotic ecosystem
  3. C)Estuary
  4. D)Marine ecosystem
Answer: B) Lotic ecosystem
30.A terrestrial area densely covered with trees and supporting birds, animals and insects represents a:
  1. A)Desert
  2. B)Grassland
  3. C)Forest
  4. D)Wetland
Answer: A) Desert
31.An area where river water mixes with seawater is called:
  1. A)Lentic
  2. B)Estuary
  3. C)Marine
  4. D)Lotic
Answer: B) Estuary
32.A pond or lake with almost stagnant water represents a:
  1. A)Lentic ecosystem
  2. B)Lotic ecosystem
  3. C)Marine ecosystem
  4. D)Desert
Answer: A) Lentic ecosystem
33.A hot, dry area with very little vegetation represents a:
  1. A)Forest
  2. B)Grassland
  3. C)Desert
  4. D)Wetland
Answer: C) Desert
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5.4 Ecosystem Structure and Function

1.The main biotic components of an ecosystem are:
  1. A)Light and heat
  2. B)Producers, consumers and decomposers
  3. C)Soil and water
  4. D)Mineral salts
Answer: B) Producers, consumers and decomposers
2.The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is:
  1. A)Soil
  2. B)Water
  3. C)Sun
  4. D)Air
Answer: C) Sun
3.Primary producers are:
  1. A)Herbivores
  2. B)Carnivores
  3. C)Green plants
  4. D)Bacteria
Answer: C) Green plants
4.Nutrient recycling mainly occurs through:
  1. A)Consumers
  2. B)Producers
  3. C)Decomposers
  4. D)Predators
Answer: C) Decomposers
5.The flow of energy in an ecosystem is:
  1. A)Bidirectional
  2. B)Cyclic
  3. C)Unidirectional
  4. D)Irregular
Answer: C) Unidirectional
6.pH of water represents an:
  1. A)Biotic factor
  2. B)Waste product
  3. C)Abiotic factor
  4. D)Metabolic factor
Answer: C) Abiotic factor
7.Consumers are organisms that:
  1. A)Make their own food
  2. B)Feed on dead matter only
  3. C)Feed on other organisms
  4. D)Do not participate in ecosystems
Answer: C) Feed on other organisms
8.Which is NOT a consumer?
  1. A)Lion
  2. B)Deer
  3. C)Cow
  4. D)Algae
Answer: D) Algae
9.Bacteria in an ecosystem generally act as:
  1. A)Primary consumers
  2. B)Producers
  3. C)Decomposers
  4. D)Tertiary consumers
Answer: C) Decomposers
10.An abiotic component of an ecosystem is:
  1. A)Herbivore
  2. B)Light
  3. C)Predator
  4. D)Bacterium
Answer: B) Light
11.The 10% law was proposed by:
  1. A)Lindeman
  2. B)Darwin
  3. C)Lamarck
  4. D)Tansley
Answer: A) Lindeman
12.Organisms that break down dead organic matter and return nutrients to the soil are:
  1. A)Producers
  2. B)Consumers
  3. C)Decomposers
  4. D)Parasites
Answer: C) Decomposers
13.A food chain normally begins with:
  1. A)Carnivores
  2. B)Herbivores
  3. C)Producers
  4. D)Decomposers
Answer: C) Producers
14.Energy is lost from an ecosystem mainly in the form of:
  1. A)Light
  2. B)Heat
  3. C)Sound
  4. D)Chemical energy
Answer: B) Heat
15.The correct food-chain sequence is:
  1. A)Sunlight → grass → deer → tiger
  2. B)Grass → sunlight → deer → tiger
  3. C)Sunlight → deer → grass → tiger
  4. D)Sunlight → tiger → grass → deer
Answer: A) Sunlight → grass → deer → tiger
16.The correct trophic arrangement is:
  1. A)Producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer → tertiary consumer
  2. B)Primary consumer → producer → secondary consumer → tertiary consumer
  3. C)Producer → secondary consumer → primary consumer → tertiary consumer
  4. D)Tertiary consumer → secondary consumer → primary consumer → producer
Answer: A) Producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer → tertiary consumer
17.If producers contain 1000 J of energy, approximately how much reaches primary consumers under the 10% law?
  1. A)100 J
  2. B)10 J
  3. C)900 J
  4. D)1000 J
Answer: B) 10 J
18.Which organisms convert dead bodies into simpler substances?
  1. A)Producers
  2. B)Consumers
  3. C)Decomposers
  4. D)Parasites
Answer: C) Decomposers
19.Which is NOT a function of decomposers?
  1. A)Breaking down dead matter
  2. B)Releasing nutrients
  3. C)Producing energy
  4. D)Returning nutrients to the ecosystem
Answer: C) Producing energy
20.A pyramid that represents the number of organisms at each trophic level is called:
  1. A)Energy pyramid
  2. B)Number pyramid
  3. C)Biomass pyramid
  4. D)Food web
Answer: B) Number pyramid
21.A pyramid that represents the mass of living matter is:
  1. A)Energy pyramid
  2. B)Number pyramid
  3. C)Biomass pyramid
  4. D)Food chain
Answer: C) Biomass pyramid
22.The energy pyramid is always:
  1. A)Inverted
  2. B)Upright
  3. C)Circular
  4. D)Irregular
Answer: B) Upright
23.The pyramid of numbers may be inverted particularly in:
  1. A)Grassland
  2. B)A dense forest
  3. C)Desert
  4. D)Mountain
Answer: B) A dense forest
24.The pyramid of biomass:
  1. A)Can never be inverted
  2. B)Can be inverted in some ecosystems
  3. C)Always remains equal
  4. D)Represents only energy
Answer: B) Can be inverted in some ecosystems
25.Biomass means:
  1. A)Minerals
  2. B)Mass of living organic matter
  3. C)Food
  4. D)Energy
Answer: B) Mass of living organic matter
26.The number pyramid shows:
  1. A)Energy loss
  2. B)Number of organisms at each level
  3. C)Quantity of food
  4. D)Rate of photosynthesis
Answer: B) Number of organisms at each level
27.The base of an energy pyramid contains:
  1. A)Predators
  2. B)Consumers
  3. C)Producers
  4. D)Decomposers
Answer: C) Producers
28.Ecological pyramids explain the distribution of:
  1. A)Pollution
  2. B)Sleep cycles
  3. C)Energy, numbers and biomass
  4. D)Cloud formation
Answer: C) Energy, numbers and biomass
29.The simplest form of a food chain is:
  1. A)Food web
  2. B)Energy pyramid
  3. C)Producer → consumer → decomposer
  4. D)Heat cycle
Answer: C) Producer → consumer → decomposer
30.The shape of an energy pyramid is generally:
  1. A)Circular
  2. B)Square
  3. C)Inverted
  4. D)Triangular
Answer: D) Triangular
31.Decomposers do NOT:
  1. A)Break down dead matter
  2. B)Create energy
  3. C)Return nutrients
  4. D)Carry out photosynthesis
Answer: B) Create energy
32.Approximately what percentage of energy is lost as heat at each trophic transfer?
  1. A)50%
  2. B)90%
  3. C)10%
  4. D)30%
Answer: B) 90%
33.A food web helps explain:
  1. A)Water flow
  2. B)Biomass conservation
  3. C)Complexity of an ecosystem
  4. D)Mineral cycles
Answer: C) Complexity of an ecosystem
34.The top of an energy pyramid contains:
  1. A)Producers
  2. B)Primary consumers
  3. C)Secondary consumers
  4. D)Top predators
Answer: D) Top predators
35.A tertiary consumer generally:
  1. A)Eats grass
  2. B)Eats bacteria
  3. C)Eats other animals
  4. D)Feeds only on dead bodies
Answer: C) Eats other animals
36.If one trophic level has 1000 calories, approximately how much reaches the next level?
  1. A)900 calories
  2. B)100 calories
  3. C)10 calories
  4. D)1 calorie
Answer: B) 100 calories
37.Energy in an ecosystem flows:
  1. A)From lower to higher trophic levels
  2. B)From higher to lower levels
  3. C)In a cycle
  4. D)Randomly
Answer: A) From lower to higher trophic levels
38.Decomposition returns to the soil:
  1. A)Light
  2. B)Mineral nutrients
  3. C)Heat
  4. D)Photosynthetic products
Answer: B) Mineral nutrients
39.A single organism may occupy more than one trophic level in a food web because:
  1. A)It always eats plants
  2. B)It eats dead bodies
  3. C)It feeds on different food sources
  4. D)It makes its own food
Answer: C) It feeds on different food sources
40.A biomass pyramid represents:
  1. A)Amount of water
  2. B)Energy level
  3. C)Number of organisms
  4. D)Amount of living biomass
Answer: C) Number of organisms
41.The major role of decomposers in a food chain is:
  1. A)Food production
  2. B)Breakdown of dead matter
  3. C)Photosynthesis
  4. D)Increasing energy
Answer: B) Breakdown of dead matter
42.The greatest amount of energy in an ecosystem is found at the:
  1. A)Decomposer level
  2. B)Top consumer level
  3. C)Producer level
  4. D)Primary consumer level
Answer: C) Producer level
43.The number pyramid can be inverted in a:
  1. A)Desert
  2. B)Dense forest
  3. C)Mountain
  4. D)Grassland
Answer: B) Dense forest
44.Energy flow in an ecosystem is always:
  1. A)Bidirectional
  2. B)From top to bottom
  3. C)Unidirectional
  4. D)Cyclic
Answer: C) Unidirectional
45.If producers decrease sharply, the likely result is:
  1. A)A more complex food web
  2. B)Increased energy flow
  3. C)Disruption of the food chain
  4. D)Increased decomposition
Answer: C) Disruption of the food chain
46.Which is NOT a decomposer?
  1. A)Fungus
  2. B)Bacteria
  3. C)Earthworm
  4. D)Cow
Answer: D) Cow
47.Each level of a food chain is called a:
  1. A)Step level
  2. B)Decomposition level
  3. C)Trophic level
  4. D)Energy carrier
Answer: C) Trophic level
48.The purpose of an ecological pyramid is to analyse:
  1. A)Environmental protection only
  2. B)Energy and components of an ecosystem
  3. C)The water cycle only
  4. D)The number of trees only
Answer: C) The water cycle only
49.On average, only about what percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
  1. A)50%
  2. B)25%
  3. C)10%
  4. D)90%
Answer: C) 10%
50.Multiple food chains connected together form a:
  1. A)Food web
  2. B)Food level
  3. C)Nutrient level
  4. D)Single chain
Answer: A) Food web
51.Assertion: Energy flow in an ecosystem is unidirectional. Reason: Energy is ultimately dissipated as heat.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
52.Assertion: Decomposers are essential for an ecosystem. Reason: They recycle nutrients.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
53.Assertion: A cow is a primary consumer. Reason: A cow depends on plants for food.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Source scan is unclear for this item.
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5.5 Food Chains, Food Webs and Ecological Pyramids

1.The direction of energy flow in an ecosystem is:
  1. A)Bottom to top
  2. B)Top to bottom
  3. C)In all directions simultaneously
  4. D)Circular
Answer: A) Bottom to top
2.The final level in a simple food chain is generally occupied by:
  1. A)Producers
  2. B)Primary consumers
  3. C)Top consumers
  4. D)Herbivores
Answer: C) Top consumers
3.A food chain represents:
  1. A)The number of animals
  2. B)Food storage
  3. C)A simple pathway of feeding
  4. D)A form of an ecosystem
Answer: C) A simple pathway of feeding
4.A food web is:
  1. A)A single food chain
  2. B)An interconnected network of food chains
  3. C)Only producer connections
  4. D)A store of energy
Answer: B) An interconnected network of food chains
5.Producers occur in a food chain:
  1. A)In the middle
  2. B)At the end
  3. C)At the beginning
  4. D)Not at all
Answer: C) At the beginning
6.Energy loss in a food chain mainly occurs because of:
  1. A)Chemical reactions
  2. B)Cell division
  3. C)Heat production
  4. D)Lack of food
Answer: C) Heat production
7.The major difference between a food chain and food web is:
  1. A)One is natural and one artificial
  2. B)A food chain is simple; a food web is complex
  3. C)One is strong and one weak
  4. D)They are identical
Answer: B) A food chain is simple; a food web is complex
8.An advantage of a food web is that it:
  1. A)Always reduces pollution
  2. B)Shows ecosystem complexity
  3. C)Conserves all energy
  4. D)Controls weather
Answer: B) Shows ecosystem complexity
9.Lindeman’s 10% law means:
  1. A)10% of animals survive
  2. B)About 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level
  3. C)Food is divided into ten parts
  4. D)10% of water evaporates
Answer: B) About 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level
10.The most energy is present at the level of:
  1. A)Top consumers
  2. B)Secondary consumers
  3. C)Producers
  4. D)Decomposers
Answer: C) Producers
11.The amount of energy at each higher trophic level generally:
  1. A)Increases
  2. B)Remains the same
  3. C)Decreases
  4. D)Doubles
Answer: C) Decreases
12.The energy pyramid can never be:
  1. A)Upright
  2. B)Triangular
  3. C)Inverted
  4. D)Based on energy
Answer: C) Inverted
13.A case where producers are fewer than consumers can occur in the pyramid of numbers in a:
  1. A)Grassland
  2. B)Dense forest
  3. C)Desert
  4. D)Mountain
Answer: B) Dense forest
14.A diagram showing plants → herbivores → carnivores → top carnivores with energy decreasing at each level represents:
  1. A)Number pyramid
  2. B)Energy pyramid
  3. C)Biomass pyramid
  4. D)Food web
Answer: B) Energy pyramid
15.A diagram showing several animals receiving food from multiple levels represents:
  1. A)Food chain
  2. B)Food web
  3. C)Energy conversion
  4. D)Pyramid
Answer: B) Food web
16.The correct sequence of energy transformation is:
  1. A)Absorption of sunlight → production of chemical energy → energy intake by primary consumers → energy lost as heat
  2. B)Chemical energy production → sunlight absorption → heat loss → consumer intake
  3. C)Consumer intake → sunlight absorption → chemical energy → heat loss
  4. D)Heat loss → consumer intake → sunlight absorption → chemical energy
Answer: A) Absorption of sunlight → production of chemical energy → energy intake by primary consumers → energy lost as heat
17.The correct sequence of a food chain and nutrient cycling is:
  1. A)Producers form organic matter → primary consumers feed on producers → secondary consumers feed on primary consumers → decomposers break down dead matter
  2. B)Producers → secondary consumers → primary consumers → decomposers
  3. C)Decomposers → producers → primary consumers → secondary consumers
  4. D)Primary consumers → secondary consumers → producers → decomposers
Answer: A) Producers form organic matter → primary consumers feed on producers → secondary consumers feed on primary consumers → decomposers break down dead matter
18.The structural order of an energy pyramid is best represented by:
  1. A)Producers form the base → energy decreases at higher levels → pyramid remains upright → top consumers occupy the apex
  2. B)Energy pyramid → top consumers → producers → decreasing energy
  3. C)Top consumers → producers → energy increase
  4. D)Decomposers → producers → consumers
Answer: A) Producers form the base → energy decreases at higher levels → pyramid remains upright → top consumers occupy the apex
19.Which statement is correct?
  1. A)Energy in a food web can move through interconnected pathways
  2. B)Energy flow is completely cyclic
  3. C)Energy pyramids are always inverted
  4. D)Primary consumers do not depend on producers
Answer: A) Energy in a food web can move through interconnected pathways
20.Which trophic level receives the largest share of energy?
  1. A)Top consumer
  2. B)Secondary consumer
  3. C)Producer
  4. D)Decomposer
Answer: C) Producer
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5.6 Biogeochemical Cycles

1.In the nitrogen cycle, ammonification means:
  1. A)NH₃ → NO₂⁻
  2. B)Organic nitrogen → NH₃/NH₄⁺
  3. C)NO₂⁻ → NO₃⁻
  4. D)N₂ → NH₃
Answer: B) Organic nitrogen → NH₃/NH₄⁺
2.The gas absorbed during photosynthesis is:
  1. A)O₂
  2. B)CO₂
  3. C)N₂
  4. D)H₂
Answer: B) CO₂
3.Denitrification occurs mainly in:
  1. A)Dry soil
  2. B)Oxygen-rich environments
  3. C)Oxygen-deficient soil
  4. D)The atmosphere
Answer: C) Oxygen-deficient soil
4.The major carbon source in the carbon cycle is:
  1. A)Plants
  2. B)Atmosphere
  3. C)Animals
  4. D)Bacteria
Answer: B) Atmosphere
5.Nitrobacter converts:
  1. A)NH₃ → NO₂⁻
  2. B)NO₂⁻ → NO₃⁻
  3. C)N₂ → NH₃
  4. D)Organic nitrogen → NH₃
Answer: B) NO₂⁻ → NO₃⁻
6.A long-term carbon reservoir is:
  1. A)Atmosphere
  2. B)Forest
  3. C)Ocean
  4. D)Carbonate rocks
Answer: D) Carbonate rocks
7.Methane is produced abundantly in:
  1. A)Oxygen-rich environments
  2. B)Dry soil
  3. C)Waterlogged, oxygen-free places
  4. D)Mountains
Answer: C) Waterlogged, oxygen-free places
8.A carbon “sink” means a:
  1. A)Carbon producer
  2. B)Carbon absorber/storage
  3. C)Carbon destroyer
  4. D)Carbon transformer
Answer: B) Carbon absorber/storage
9.Which does NOT produce oxygen?
  1. A)Algae
  2. B)Plants
  3. C)Cyanobacteria
  4. D)Animals
Answer: D) Animals
10.Lightning contributes to:
  1. A)Photosynthesis
  2. B)Nitrogen fixation
  3. C)Respiration
  4. D)Combustion
Answer: B) Nitrogen fixation
11.Rhizobium is found in:
  1. A)Leaves
  2. B)Soil only
  3. C)Root nodules
  4. D)Water
Answer: C) Root nodules
12.The process that uses oxygen and produces CO₂ is:
  1. A)Photosynthesis
  2. B)Respiration
  3. C)Nitrification
  4. D)Nitrogen fixation
Answer: B) Respiration
13.Weathering of rocks releases ___ into rivers and oceans:
  1. A)Nitrogen
  2. B)Phosphate
  3. C)Oxygen
  4. D)Methane
Answer: B) Phosphate
14.Conversion of nitrate/nitrite nitrogen into atmospheric nitrogen gas is called:
  1. A)Nitrification
  2. B)Ammonification
  3. C)Denitrification
  4. D)Nitrogen fixation
Answer: C) Denitrification
15.Cyanobacteria are important for the production of:
  1. A)CO₂
  2. B)Methane
  3. C)Oxygen
  4. D)Sulfur dioxide
Answer: C) Oxygen
16.The correct nitrogen-cycle sequence is:
  1. A)Nitrogen fixation → assimilation → ammonification → nitrification
  2. B)Nitrogen fixation → ammonification → nitrification → assimilation
  3. C)Nitrogen fixation → nitrification → assimilation → ammonification
  4. D)Assimilation → nitrogen fixation → nitrification → ammonification
Answer: A) Nitrogen fixation → assimilation → ammonification → nitrification
17.The correct carbon-cycle sequence is:
  1. A)Atmospheric CO₂ → photosynthesis → transfer through food chain → respiration
  2. B)Photosynthesis → atmospheric CO₂ → respiration → food chain
  3. C)Atmospheric CO₂ → food chain → photosynthesis → respiration
  4. D)Respiration → food chain → photosynthesis → atmospheric CO₂
Answer: A) Atmospheric CO₂ → photosynthesis → transfer through food chain → respiration
18.Which statement about carbon-cycle balance is correct?
  1. A)CO₂ and CH₄ absorb heat and contribute to the greenhouse effect
  2. B)CO₂ has no climatic role
  3. C)Oceans contain no carbon
  4. D)Methane is not a greenhouse gas
Answer: A) CO₂ and CH₄ absorb heat and contribute to the greenhouse effect
19.Which statement about nitrogen cycling is correct?
  1. A)Rhizobium lives in root nodules of legumes
  2. B)Nitrosomonas converts nitrate to nitrogen gas
  3. C)Nitrobacter fixes atmospheric nitrogen
  4. D)All organisms directly use atmospheric N₂
Answer: A) Rhizobium lives in root nodules of legumes
20.A field containing leguminous plants has bacteria in root nodules that convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms. The bacteria are:
  1. A)Nitrobacter
  2. B)Rhizobium
  3. C)Nitrosomonas
  4. D)Fungi
Answer: B) Rhizobium
21.Marine organisms may use dissolved carbon to form:
  1. A)Oxygen
  2. B)Shells
  3. C)Nitrogen
  4. D)Glucose
Answer: B) Shells
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6.1 Concept of Biodiversity

1.The word “Biodiversity” means:
  1. A)Ecosystem
  2. B)Environment
  3. C)Biological diversity
  4. D)Living world
Answer: C) Biological diversity
2.The Wildlife Protection Act in India was enacted in:
  1. A)1972
  2. B)1974
  3. C)1975
  4. D)1973
Answer: A) 1972
3.The term biodiversity is associated with:
  1. A)E. O. Wilson
  2. B)Thomas Lovejoy
  3. C)Hamilton
  4. D)Zierman
Answer: A) E. O. Wilson
4.The international conference on biodiversity in 1992 was held at:
  1. A)Rio de Janeiro
  2. B)Geneva
  3. C)Rome
  4. D)Russia
Answer: A) Rio de Janeiro
5.The WWF logo is based on which animal?
  1. A)Tiger
  2. B)Crocodile
  3. C)Bison
  4. D)Panda
Answer: D) Panda
6.The UN declared which year as the International Year of Biodiversity?
  1. A)2002
  2. B)2010
  3. C)2020
  4. D)2001
Answer: B) 2010
7.The largest animal group among the listed groups is:
  1. A)Angiosperms
  2. B)Crustaceans
  3. C)Vipers
  4. D)Arthropods
Answer: D) Arthropods
8.The world’s largest seed bank is located in:
  1. A)London
  2. B)Canada
  3. C)Washington
  4. D)India
Answer: C) Washington
9.The full form of MABP/MAB is:
  1. A)Man and the Biosphere Programme
  2. B)Man and Biodiversity Programme
  3. C)Man and the Biology Programme
  4. D)Mode of Biosphere Programme
Answer: A) Man and the Biosphere Programme
10.The natural habitat of the Asiatic lion is:
  1. A)Kaziranga
  2. B)Gujarat
  3. C)Corbett
  4. D)Bhitarkanika
Answer: B) Gujarat
11.International Biodiversity Day is observed on:
  1. A)22 May
  2. B)22 March
  3. C)22 January
  4. D)22 June
Answer: A) 22 May
12.The “father of Indian biodiversity” is referred to in the source as:
  1. A)Mackenzie
  2. B)Hamilton
  3. C)S. Swaminathan/Gadgil
  4. D)Kuroshio
Answer: C) M. S. Swaminathan/Gadgil
13.A natural method of wildlife conservation is:
  1. A)In-situ conservation
  2. B)Ex-situ conservation
  3. C)Cryopreservation
  4. D)Gene bank
Answer: A) In-situ conservation
14.The correct chronological order among the listed biodiversity milestones is:
  1. A)MAB → Earth Summit → Biodiversity Act → Biodiversity Year
  2. B)Earth Summit → Biodiversity Act → MAB → Biodiversity Year
  3. C)Biodiversity Year → Earth Summit → Biodiversity Act → MAB
  4. D)Biodiversity Act → Earth Summit → Biodiversity Year → MAB
Answer: A) MAB → Earth Summit → Biodiversity Act → Biodiversity Year
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6.2 Importance of Biodiversity

1.The authors associated in the source with the book “Environmental Science” are:
  1. A)E. O. Wilson
  2. B)E. Haeckel
  3. C)Botkin and Keller
  4. D)Tansley
Answer: C) Botkin and Keller
2.Approximately how many spice species are cultivated in India?
  1. A)24
  2. B)104
  3. C)27
  4. D)51
Answer: A) 24
3.The juice of which leaf is used in treating anaemia?
  1. A)Aloe vera
  2. B)Kulekhara
  3. C)Vasaka
  4. D)Thankuni
Answer: B) Kulekhara
4.Atropine is obtained from:
  1. A)Belladonna
  2. B)Taxus
  3. C)Sarpagandha
  4. D)Bael
Answer: A) Belladonna
5.The programme adopted at the Earth Summit was:
  1. A)Agenda-17
  2. B)Agenda-25
  3. C)Agenda-21
  4. D)Agenda-20
Answer: C) Agenda-21
6.Morphine is obtained from the fruit capsule of:
  1. A)Cinchona
  2. B)Opium poppy
  3. C)Sarpagandha
  4. D)Periwinkle
Answer: B) Opium poppy
7.Penicillin is obtained from:
  1. A)Penicillium notatum
  2. B)Aspergillus niger
  3. C)Mucor mucedo
  4. D)Rhizopus stolonifer
Answer: A) Penicillium notatum
8.The UN Decade of Biodiversity was:
  1. A)2001–2010
  2. B)2011–2020
  3. C)1991–2000
  4. D)2006–2015
Answer: B) 2011–2020
9.Which is called the “Kidneys of the Earth”?
  1. A)Wetlands
  2. B)Forests
  3. C)Deserts
  4. D)Plateaus
Answer: A) Wetlands
10.Which forest is called the “lungs of the Earth”?
  1. A)Tundra
  2. B)Taiga
  3. C)Savanna
  4. D)Amazon rainforest
Answer: D) Amazon rainforest
11.India enacted the Biological Diversity Act in:
  1. A)1972
  2. B)1978
  3. C)1993
  4. D)2002
Answer: D) 2002
12.The National Biodiversity Authority is located in:
  1. A)Kolkata
  2. B)Bengaluru
  3. C)Dehradun
  4. D)Chennai
Answer: B) Bengaluru
13.The Earth Summit was held in:
  1. A)1992, Rio de Janeiro
  2. B)1982, Stockholm
  3. C)1995, Kyoto
  4. D)2002, Kyoto
Answer: A) 1992, Rio de Janeiro
14.A bird sanctuary in West Bengal is located at:
  1. A)Berhampore
  2. B)Raiganj
  3. C)Malda
  4. D)Tarapith
Answer: B) Raiganj
15.A natural method of wildlife conservation is:
  1. A)In-situ conservation
  2. B)Ex-situ conservation
  3. C)Cryopreservation
  4. D)Gene bank
Answer: A) In-situ conservation
16.A plant part used in treating skin diseases in the source is from:
  1. A)Neem
  2. B)Arjun
  3. C)Vasaka
  4. D)Jamun
Answer: A) Neem
17.World Environment Day is observed on:
  1. A)5 June
  2. B)28 February
  3. C)7 July
  4. D)10 April
Answer: A) 5 June
18.Which is NOT a medicinal plant among the listed examples?
  1. A)Tulsi
  2. B)Thankuni
  3. C)Kalmegh
  4. D)[source option unclear in scan]
Answer: D) [source option unclear in scan]
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6.3 Levels of Biodiversity

1.Biodiversity is generally highest in:
  1. A)Eco-zones
  2. B)Ecotourism areas
  3. C)Outside ecotones
  4. D)Ecotones
Answer: D) Ecotones
2.The largest number of animal species belong to:
  1. A)Insects
  2. B)Reptiles
  3. C)Mammals
  4. D)Birds
Answer: A) Insects
3.The carrier of heredity is:
  1. A)Population
  2. B)Nucleotide
  3. C)Genome
  4. D)Gene
Answer: D) Gene
4.Kaziranga National Park is located in:
  1. A)Kerala
  2. B)Assam
  3. C)Karnataka
  4. D)West Bengal
Answer: B) Assam
5.The source lists the number of endangered species in India as:
  1. A)39
  2. B)40
  3. C)50
  4. D)100
Answer: B) 40
6.A plant listed as causing biodiversity loss in ecosystems is:
  1. A)Eucalyptus
  2. B)Mango
  3. C)Jamun
  4. D)Silk-cotton
Answer: A) Eucalyptus
7.Alipore Zoo is an example of:
  1. A)In-situ conservation
  2. B)Ex-situ conservation
  3. C)Neither
  4. D)Both A and B
Answer: B) Ex-situ conservation
8.The Indian biodiversity hotspot identified in the source is:
  1. A)Western Ghats
  2. B)Terai region of North Bengal
  3. C)Kerala coast
  4. D)Forests of Karnataka
Answer: A) Western Ghats
9.A plant of religious importance in Indian biodiversity is:
  1. A)Tamarind
  2. B)Fig
  3. C)Hibiscus
  4. D)Tulsi
Answer: D) Tulsi
10.The approximate number of human genes stated in the source is:
  1. A)20–25 thousand
  2. B)35–45 thousand
  3. C)12–15 thousand
  4. D)50–60 thousand
Answer: A) 20–25 thousand
11.The smallest unit of biological classification is:
  1. A)Class
  2. B)Family
  3. C)Species
  4. D)Genus
Answer: C) Species
12.The group containing the greatest number of species on Earth is:
  1. A)Fungi
  2. B)Mosses
  3. C)Algae
  4. D)Lichens
Answer: A) Fungi
13.The three indices of ecological diversity are:
  1. A)Alpha, beta and gamma
  2. B)Alpha, delta and epsilon
  3. C)Beta, delta and gamma
  4. D)Alpha, beta and delta
Answer: A) Alpha, beta and gamma
14.Biodiversity from the polar regions towards the equator generally:
  1. A)Decreases
  2. B)Increases
  3. C)Decreases sharply
  4. D)Remains the same
Answer: B) Increases
15.Ocimum sanctum is the scientific name of:
  1. A)Tulsi
  2. B)Papaya
  3. C)Pointed gourd
  4. D)Pea
Answer: A) Tulsi
16.Genetic diversity within the same species can produce:
  1. A)Breed and race only
  2. B)Breed, race, variety and form
  3. C)Variety and form only
  4. D)None of these
Answer: B) Breed, race, variety and form
17.Assertion: Biodiversity hotspots deserve conservation priority. Reason: They have high endemism and are under severe threat.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
18.Assertion: India has high biodiversity despite occupying only about 2.4% of the world’s land area. Reason: India has wide climatic and altitudinal variation.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
19.The correct energy-flow sequence is:
  1. A)Sunlight → consumers → producers → decomposers
  2. B)Producers → sunlight → consumers → decomposers
  3. C)Sunlight → producers → consumers → decomposers
  4. D)Decomposers → consumers → producers → sunlight
Answer: C) Sunlight → producers → consumers → decomposers
20.The logical sequence of biodiversity loss is:
  1. A)Extinction → imbalance → decline in species → habitat destruction
  2. B)Species decline → habitat destruction → imbalance → extinction
  3. C)Habitat destruction → ecosystem imbalance → decline in species → extinction
  4. D)Habitat destruction → species decline → imbalance → extinction
Answer: C) Habitat destruction → ecosystem imbalance → decline in species → extinction
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6.4 Biodiversity Loss

1.Which animal became extinct during the Mesozoic Era?
  1. A)Dinosaurs
  2. B)Mammoths
  3. C)Platypus
  4. D)Eurypterids
Answer: A) Dinosaurs
2.The greatest spread of dinosaurs occurred during the:
  1. A)Triassic
  2. B)Cambrian
  3. C)Jurassic
  4. D)Cretaceous
Answer: C) Jurassic
3.Mammoths and mastodons are associated in the source with the:
  1. A)Carboniferous
  2. B)Mesozoic
  3. C)Cenozoic
  4. D)None of these
Answer: C) Cenozoic
4.The era in which many amphibian extinctions occurred was:
  1. A)Jurassic
  2. B)Triassic
  3. C)Permian
  4. D)Devonian
Answer: C) Permian
5.Which is an extinct species?
  1. A)Dodo
  2. B)Gharial
  3. C)Vulture
  4. D)None of these
Answer: A) Dodo
6.Which animal has been severely threatened by global warming?
  1. A)Mastodon
  2. B)Dinosaur
  3. C)Polar bear
  4. D)Dolphin
Answer: C) Polar bear
7.A human-made cause of biodiversity destruction is:
  1. A)Landslide
  2. B)Tsunami
  3. C)Deforestation
  4. D)Wildfire
Answer: C) Deforestation
8.The main cause of extinction of Steller’s sea cow and passenger pigeon was:
  1. A)Invasive species
  2. B)Co-extinction
  3. C)Habitat loss and fragmentation
  4. D)Overexploitation of resources
Answer: D) Overexploitation of resources
9.According to the cited IPCC report in the source, sea-level rise associated with global warming was approximately:
  1. A)10–12 inches
  2. B)15–17 inches
  3. C)19–21 inches
  4. D)20–23 inches
Answer: C) 19–21 inches
10.Which harmful alien plant entered India with wheat imports from America?
  1. A)Millet
  2. B)Cocklebur
  3. C)Parthenium
  4. D)Water hyacinth
Answer: C) Parthenium
11.Lantana camara is also known as:
  1. A)Raktadron
  2. B)Putus
  3. C)Pui shak
  4. D)Wild basil
Answer: B) Putus
12.A major cause of blue-whale decline in the North Sea listed in the source is:
  1. A)Pesticide poisoning
  2. B)Eutrophication
  3. C)Acid rain
  4. D)Plastic pollution
Answer: B) Eutrophication
13.Which biological resource faced crisis because of use in the cement industry?
  1. A)Jellyfish
  2. B)Squid
  3. C)Coral
  4. D)Snail
Answer: C) Coral
14.The source asks how many dams on the Periyar River contributed to forest destruction:
  1. A)11
  2. B)20
  3. C)25
  4. D)10
Answer: A) 11
15.In which Rajasthan forest did tigers nearly disappear because of poaching?
  1. A)Sariska
  2. B)Gir
  3. C)Namdapha
  4. D)None of these
Answer: A) Sariska
16.Where was biological poisoning reported among cranes in India?
  1. A)Keoladeo National Park
  2. B)Dachigam National Park
  3. C)Manas National Park
  4. D)Rajaji National Park
Answer: A) Keoladeo National Park
17.The extinct dodo was found on:
  1. A)Andaman Islands
  2. B)Mauritius
  3. C)Sri Lanka
  4. D)Lakshadweep
Answer: B) Mauritius
18.Which alien species is known as the “Terror of Bengal”?
  1. A)Water hyacinth
  2. B)Banana
  3. C)Lantana/Putus
  4. D)Eucalyptus
Answer: A) Water hyacinth
19.Which plant was introduced into India from Australia?
  1. A)Putus
  2. B)Calotropis
  3. C)Eucalyptus
  4. D)Parthenium
Answer: C) Eucalyptus
20.Which is NOT an aquatic cause of animal mortality?
  1. A)Eutrophication
  2. B)Acid rain
  3. C)Wildfire
  4. D)Water pollution
Answer: C) Wildfire
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6.5 Environmental Balance

1.The number of major components of an ecosystem is:
  1. A)5
  2. B)3
  3. C)4
  4. D)10
Answer: C) 4
2.According to the source, approximately what percentage of land should be forest-covered for environmental balance?
  1. A)11%
  2. B)22%
  3. C)33%
  4. D)44%
Answer: C) 33%
3.Food produced by photosynthesis is stored in plants mainly as:
  1. A)Protein
  2. B)Starch
  3. C)Fat
  4. D)None of these
Answer: B) Starch
4.Which fern is associated with directly fixing atmospheric nitrogen and increasing soil nitrogen?
  1. A)Rhizobium
  2. B)Nostoc
  3. C)Azolla
  4. D)Spirulina
Answer: C) Azolla
5.If frogs disappear from an ecosystem, the number of which organism may increase?
  1. A)Snakes
  2. B)Peacocks
  3. C)Hawks
  4. D)Grasshoppers
Answer: D) Grasshoppers
6.An example of biogas is:
  1. A)Ethylene
  2. B)Methane
  3. C)Carbon dioxide
  4. D)Nitrous oxide
Answer: B) Methane
7.A major cause of biodiversity loss in India is:
  1. A)Reduced reproductive capacity
  2. B)Planned development
  3. C)Unplanned development
  4. D)Death
Answer: C) Unplanned development
8.A major cause of biodiversity loss in cities is:
  1. A)Construction of multi-storey buildings
  2. B)Cutting trees
  3. C)Air pollution
  4. D)Filling wetlands
Answer: B) Cutting trees
9.Approximately what percentage of Sundarbans mangrove forest is stated in the source to face threat?
  1. A)50%
  2. B)40%
  3. C)25%
  4. D)30%
Answer: A) 50%
10.The average temperature of the Earth stated in the source is:
  1. A)10°C
  2. B)13°C
  3. C)15°C
  4. D)18°C
Answer: C) 15°C
11.The normal proportion of O₂ in the atmosphere is approximately:
  1. A)75%
  2. B)45%
  3. C)10%
  4. D)60%
Answer: D) 20.60%
12.Mangrove forests are important for protection against:
  1. A)Drought
  2. B)Soil erosion
  3. C)Floods
  4. D)Cyclones
Answer: C) Floods
13.Which is an alternative source of energy?
  1. A)Natural gas
  2. B)Coal
  3. C)Hydropower
  4. D)Petroleum
Answer: C) Hydropower
14.Environmental balance is described in the source as a:
  1. A)Theoretical subject
  2. B)Dynamic process
  3. C)Practical subject
  4. D)Research subject
Answer: B) Dynamic process
15.Bacteria are an environmental component functioning mainly as:
  1. A)Producers
  2. B)Consumers
  3. C)Decomposers
  4. D)Abiotic matter
Answer: C) Decomposers
16.A food web is a combination of many:
  1. A)Trophic levels
  2. B)Energy levels
  3. C)Nutrient levels
  4. D)Food chains
Answer: A) Trophic levels
17.A primary consumer among the listed aquatic organisms is:
  1. A)Hilsa
  2. B)Jellyfish
  3. C)Lobster
  4. D)Zooplankton
Answer: D) Zooplankton
18.Which statement is correct?
  1. A)The Sun is the main energy source and energy flow is unidirectional
  2. B)Energy flow is cyclic
  3. C)Increasing soil nitrogen always reduces fertility
  4. D)All statements are false
Answer: A) The Sun is the main energy source and energy flow is unidirectional
19.Which is NOT one of the listed basic ecosystem components?
  1. A)Water
  2. B)Mineral matter
  3. C)Soil
  4. D)Living organisms
Answer: D) Living organisms
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6.6 India as a Megadiverse Country

1.India is considered a megadiverse country because it has:
  1. A)A large population
  2. B)Many species and ecosystems
  3. C)High industrial development
  4. D)Urbanization
Answer: B) Many species and ecosystems
2.India has high biodiversity relative to its land area mainly because of:
  1. A)Small area
  2. B)Geographical and climatic diversity
  3. C)Political system
  4. D)Industrialization
Answer: B) Geographical and climatic diversity
3.An endemic species is:
  1. A)Found everywhere
  2. B)Restricted to a particular region
  3. C)Already extinct
  4. D)Artificially created
Answer: B) Restricted to a particular region
4.An important reason for India’s biodiversity is:
  1. A)Uniform climate
  2. B)Only forests
  3. C)Diverse ecosystems
  4. D)Low rainfall
Answer: C) Diverse ecosystems
5.The Sundarbans are an example of a:
  1. A)Desert ecosystem
  2. B)Mangrove ecosystem
  3. C)Grassland
  4. D)Mountain ecosystem
Answer: B) Mangrove ecosystem
6.The role of local communities in conserving Indian biodiversity is:
  1. A)No role
  2. B)Very important
  3. C)Harmful
  4. D)Unnecessary
Answer: B) Very important
7.High biodiversity in north-east India is mainly because it is part of the:
  1. A)Low-rainfall zone
  2. B)Indo-Burma hotspot
  3. C)Industrial belt
  4. D)Low-forest zone
Answer: B) Indo-Burma hotspot
8.The three levels of biodiversity are:
  1. A)Animals, plants and soil
  2. B)Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity
  3. C)Forest, river and mountain
  4. D)Water, air and soil
Answer: B) Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity
9.An example of the economic importance of biodiversity is:
  1. A)Rainfall
  2. B)Agriculture and medicinal plants
  3. C)Sunlight
  4. D)Gravity
Answer: B) Agriculture and medicinal plants
10.An important biodiversity-conservation measure is:
  1. A)Deforestation
  2. B)Creation of protected areas
  3. C)Increasing pollution
  4. D)Overhunting
Answer: B) Creation of protected areas
11.Biodiversity research in India is important because of the possibility of:
  1. A)Discovering new species
  2. B)Population growth
  3. C)Urbanization
  4. D)Industrialization
Answer: A) Discovering new species
12.A cultural source/value of biodiversity is represented by:
  1. A)Industrial development
  2. B)Sacred trees and traditions
  3. C)Road construction
  4. D)Mining
Answer: B) Sacred trees and traditions
13.Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity together represent:
  1. A)Genetic diversity only
  2. B)Social diversity
  3. C)Economic diversity
  4. D)Cultural diversity
Answer: D) Cultural diversity
14.Megadiverse countries have high richness of:
  1. A)Industries
  2. B)Species
  3. C)Minerals
  4. D)Pollution
Answer: B) Species
15.Biodiversity hotspots are identified using:
  1. A)Industrialization
  2. B)Population growth
  3. C)Endemism and degree of threat
  4. D)Agricultural production
Answer: C) Endemism and degree of threat
16.Assertion: India has high biodiversity despite occupying only about 2.4% of the world’s land area. Reason: India has wide climatic and altitudinal variation.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
17.Assertion: The Western Ghats have high endemic species diversity. Reason: The region is geographically isolated and has had a relatively stable climate.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
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6.7 Common Plants and Animals of India

1.The scientific name of drumstick/moringa is:
  1. A)Mangifera indica
  2. B)Azadirachta indica
  3. C)Moringa oleifera
  4. D)Ocimum tenuiflorum
Answer: C) Moringa oleifera
2.The national bird of India is:
  1. A)Sparrow
  2. B)Peacock
  3. C)Crow
  4. D)Parrot
Answer: B) Peacock
3.Butea monosperma is the scientific name of:
  1. A)Peepal
  2. B)Mango
  3. C)Banyan
  4. D)Palash
Answer: D) Palash
4.Ocimum tenuiflorum is the scientific name of:
  1. A)Tulsi
  2. B)Neem
  3. C)Peepal
  4. D)Bamboo
Answer: A) Tulsi
5.The scientific name of Indian bael is:
  1. A)Butea monosperma
  2. B)Garcinia indica
  3. C)Mangifera indica
  4. D)Aegle marmelos
Answer: D) Aegle marmelos
6.The scientific name of Indian amla is:
  1. A)Michelia champaca
  2. B)Nelumbo nucifera
  3. C)Emblica officinalis
  4. D)Santalum album
Answer: C) Emblica officinalis
7.Panthera leo persica is the scientific name of the:
  1. A)Royal Bengal tiger
  2. B)Asiatic lion
  3. C)Leopard
  4. D)Snow leopard
Answer: B) Asiatic lion
8.Bamboo is a:
  1. A)Tree
  2. B)Shrub
  3. C)Grass
  4. D)Climber
Answer: C) Grass
9.Ficus religiosa is the scientific name of:
  1. A)Banyan
  2. B)Neem
  3. C)Peepal
  4. D)Mango
Answer: C) Peepal
10.Assertion: Neem has medicinal properties. Reason: It is used in the treatment of various diseases.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
11.Assertion: Peacock is the national bird of India. Reason: It is the smallest bird in India.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: A is true, but R is false.
12.Assertion: Panthera tigris tigris is the scientific name of the tiger. Reason: Tiger is a carnivorous animal.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
13.Arrange the stages of plant growth in the correct order:
  1. A)Seed germination → seedling → mature plant → flower and fruit production
  2. B)Seedling → seed germination → mature plant → flowers and fruits
  3. C)Flowers and fruits → seed germination → seedling → mature plant
  4. D)Mature plant → seedling → flowers and fruits → seed germination
Answer: A) Seed germination → seedling → mature plant → flower and fruit production
14.Arrange the energy flow in a food chain correctly:
  1. A)Producer → herbivore → carnivore → top consumer
  2. B)Herbivore → producer → carnivore → top consumer
  3. C)Producer → carnivore → herbivore → top consumer
  4. D)Top consumer → carnivore → herbivore → producer
Answer: A) Producer → herbivore → carnivore → top consumer
15.Arrange an animal life cycle correctly:
  1. A)Birth → growth and development → adult → reproduction
  2. B)Growth → birth → adult → reproduction
  3. C)Adult → birth → growth → reproduction
  4. D)Birth → reproduction → growth → adult
Answer: A) Birth → growth and development → adult → reproduction
16.Consider the statements: (1) Tulsi is used as a medicinal plant. (2) Ficus religiosa is the scientific name of mango. (3) Bengal tiger is carnivorous. (4) Bamboo is a grass. Which is correct?
  1. A)1, 3 and 4 are true; 2 is false
  2. B)1 and 2 are true; 3 and 4 are false
  3. C)2 and 4 are true; 1 and 3 are false
  4. D)All are true
Answer: A) 1, 3 and 4 are true; 2 is false
17.A village loses banyan, peepal and neem trees due to cutting, followed by a decline in monkeys, deer and birds and disruption of the food chain. This mainly indicates:
  1. A)Natural growth
  2. B)Interdependence of plants and animals
  3. C)Habitat destruction due to deforestation
  4. D)Excessive rainfall
Answer: C) Habitat destruction due to deforestation
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6.8 Economic Importance of Biodiversity

1.Biodiversity is economically important because it provides:
  1. A)Only minerals
  2. B)Resources and services
  3. C)Only water
  4. D)Only energy
Answer: B) Resources and services
2.Pollination is mainly carried out by:
  1. A)Bees
  2. B)Lions
  3. C)Fish
  4. D)Rocks
Answer: A) Bees
3.About 75% of crops depend on:
  1. A)Air pollution
  2. B)Pollinators
  3. C)Soil
  4. D)Only rainfall
Answer: B) Pollinators
4.Soil fertility is increased by:
  1. A)Sand
  2. B)Microorganisms
  3. C)Plastic
  4. D)Rocks
Answer: B) Microorganisms
5.Forests provide products such as:
  1. A)Gold
  2. B)Timber
  3. C)Petroleum
  4. D)Plastic
Answer: B) Timber
6.Forests absorb:
  1. A)Oxygen
  2. B)Carbon dioxide
  3. C)Nitrogen
  4. D)Hydrogen
Answer: B) Carbon dioxide
7.Fisheries are an important source of:
  1. A)Carbohydrates
  2. B)Protein
  3. C)Only fat
  4. D)Minerals
Answer: C) Only fat
8.Neem is used mainly as:
  1. A)Medicine
  2. B)Transport
  3. C)Mining
  4. D)Industry
Answer: A) Medicine
9.Wetlands help with:
  1. A)Water purification
  2. B)Mining
  3. C)Pollution
  4. D)Transport
Answer: A) Water purification
10.Genetic diversity helps in:
  1. A)Breeding improvement
  2. B)Pollution
  3. C)Mining
  4. D)Transport
Answer: A) Breeding improvement
11.Mangroves protect coasts from:
  1. A)Storms
  2. B)Fire
  3. C)Heat
  4. D)Cold
Answer: A) Storms
12.Biodiversity-dependent livelihoods are especially important for:
  1. A)Only urban people
  2. B)Only industrialists
  3. C)Rural and tribal communities
  4. D)Nobody
Answer: C) Rural and tribal communities
13.Biodiversity supports the ___ economy:
  1. A)War
  2. B)Space
  3. C)Military
  4. D)Political
Answer: D) Political
14.About 75% of crops depend on:
  1. A)Air pollution
  2. B)Pollination
  3. C)Soil erosion
  4. D)Minerals
Answer: B) Pollination
15.Forests help regulate climate by absorbing:
  1. A)Oxygen
  2. B)Nitrogen
  3. C)Carbon dioxide
  4. D)Hydrogen
Answer: C) Carbon dioxide
16.Wetlands help purify:
  1. A)Air
  2. B)Water
  3. C)Soil
  4. D)Minerals
Answer: B) Water
17.Biodiversity creates opportunities for people’s:
  1. A)Unemployment
  2. B)Migration
  3. C)Livelihoods
  4. D)Urbanization
Answer: C) Livelihoods
18.Assertion: Biodiversity supports the economy. Reason: It provides various resources and ecosystem services.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
19.Assertion: Mangrove forests protect coasts. Reason: They reduce the effects of storms and tidal surges.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
20.Assertion: Genetic diversity is important in agriculture. Reason: It helps create improved varieties.
  1. A)Both A and R are true and R correctly explains A
  2. B)Both A and R are true, but R does not correctly explain A
  3. C)A is true, R is false
  4. D)A is false, R is true
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
21.The role of biodiversity in agriculture can be arranged as:
  1. A)Pollination → soil fertility → crop growth → food production
  2. B)Food production → pollination → soil fertility → crop growth
  3. C)Soil fertility → food production → pollination → crop growth
  4. D)Crop growth → soil fertility → pollination → food production
Answer: A) Pollination → soil fertility → crop growth → food production
22.The economic importance of forest resources can be represented as:
  1. A)Timber and forest products → carbon absorption → climate regulation → economic benefits
  2. B)Climate regulation → timber → carbon absorption → economic benefits
  3. C)Economic benefits → climate regulation → carbon absorption → timber
  4. D)Carbon absorption → economic benefits → timber → climate regulation
Answer: A) Timber and forest products → carbon absorption → climate regulation → economic benefits
23.The use of fish resources follows the sequence:
  1. A)Aquatic biodiversity → fish production → protein supply → livelihood
  2. B)Fish production → livelihood → biodiversity → protein
  3. C)Aquatic biodiversity → protein → fish production → livelihood
  4. D)Livelihood → protein → fish production → biodiversity
Answer: A) Aquatic biodiversity → fish production → protein supply → livelihood
24.The use of medicinal plants for medicines follows:
  1. A)Collection → raw-material preparation → medicine production → treatment
  2. B)Treatment → collection → preparation → production
  3. C)Preparation → collection → treatment → production
  4. D)Medicine production → collection → preparation → treatment
Answer: A) Collection → raw-material preparation → medicine production → treatment
25.Consider: (1) Biodiversity provides livelihood opportunities. (2) Pollinators reduce crop production. (3) Forests help regulate climate. (4) Wetlands increase pollution. Which is correct?
  1. A)1 and 3 true; 2 and 4 false
  2. B)1, 2 and 3 true; 4 false
  3. C)2 and 4 true; 1 and 3 false
  4. D)1 and 4 true; 2 and 3 false
Answer: A) 1 and 3 true; 2 and 4 false
26.Indian agriculture depends on pollinators and soil microorganisms. Which economic importance is illustrated?
  1. A)Industrial raw material
  2. B)Agricultural production and pollination
  3. C)Transport
  4. D)Mining
Answer: B) Agricultural production and pollination
27.A forest supplies timber, honey, resin and fuelwood while absorbing CO₂ and helping regulate climate. The two main economic benefits are:
  1. A)Food and transport
  2. B)Forest products and climate regulation
  3. C)Mining and industry
  4. D)Pollution and erosion
Answer: B) Forest products and climate regulation
28.Coastal communities depend on fishing for food and income, and fish provide protein. This illustrates:
  1. A)Climate change
  2. B)Livelihood and nutritional support
  3. C)Transport
  4. D)Mining
Answer: B) Livelihood and nutritional support
29.Neem, Tulsi and other plants are used for medicines; plant-derived compounds such as Taxol are used in cancer treatment. This indicates the:
  1. A)Agricultural value
  2. B)Industrial/pharmaceutical value
  3. C)Transport value
  4. D)Mining value
Answer: B) Industrial/pharmaceutical value
30.Disease-resistant, drought-tolerant and high-yielding crop varieties developed from genetic variation illustrate:
  1. A)Pollution
  2. B)Genetic diversity and breeding improvement
  3. C)Mining
  4. D)Transport
Answer: B) Genetic diversity and breeding improvement
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6.9 Wildlife Trade: Legal, Illegal, Challenges and Solutions

1.Wildlife trade means:
  1. A)Only keeping animals
  2. B)Buying and selling wildlife and their body parts
  3. C)Trade in agricultural products
  4. D)Afforestation programmes
Answer: B) Buying and selling wildlife and their body parts
2.CITES was signed in:
  1. A)1972
  2. B)1973
  3. C)1975
  4. D)1980
Answer: B) 1973
3.CITES came into force on:
  1. A)1 July 1974
  2. B)1 July 1975
  3. C)1 July 1976
  4. D)1 July 1977
Answer: B) 1 July 1975
4.Illegal wildlife trade is described as a:
  1. A)Green crime
  2. B)Local crime
  3. C)Transnational crime
  4. D)Economic crime
Answer: C) Transnational crime
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Frequently Asked Questions

Is this useful for WBCHSE Semester 3?

Yes. The page is organised around the Ecology and Biodiversity portions for Class 12 Semester 3 preparation.

Are answers included?

Yes. The answer is displayed directly below each question for quick self-checking.

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